Navigation
Radio navigation aids, RNAV system logic, holding geometry, and ATC interaction in IFR operations.
-
Magnetic Compass
Variation, deviation, dip, turning errors, and practical compass use.
-
VOR Navigation
VHF Omni-directional Range — how it works and how to use it.
-
ADF and NDB Navigation
Bearing-based navigation, ADF interpretation, tracking, and common NDB error sources.
-
GPS and RNAV Systems
IFR GPS system logic, annunciations, CDI sensitivity, and RNAV downgrade awareness.
-
DME Arcs
Arc geometry, entry technique, tracking corrections, and lead-radial planning.
-
Holding Entry Geometry
Direct, teardrop, and parallel entries built from protected-side geometry.
-
ATC System
National Airspace System structure, IFR clearances, phraseology, route logic, and lost-communications planning.